ELEMENTS OF AI – Talk Time: Artificial Intelligence in Context: Historical Foundations, Ethical Challenges, and the European Legal Framework

This module provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary introduction to artificial intelligence (AI), structured around three essential perspectives: (i) its historical development, (ii) its ethical implications, and the (iii) evolving European legal framework that governs its use. As AI technologies increasingly shape economies, societies, and everyday life, understanding their origins, impacts, and regulation has become essential for professionals across a wide range of disciplines.

The module begins by tracing the historical evolution of AI, offering participants a clear and accessible overview of how the field has developed over time. Starting with early philosophical and mathematical foundations of computation, participants will explore key milestones such as symbolic AI, rule-based systems, and the emergence of expert systems. The module then follows the transition toward data-driven approaches, including machine learning, neural networks, and, more recently, deep learning and generative AI systems. By situating contemporary AI technologies within their historical trajectory, participants will gain a deeper appreciation of both the continuity and disruption that characterise the field.

Building on this foundation, the course turns to the ethical challenges raised by AI systems. As AI becomes more embedded in decision-making processes – ranging from hiring and lending to healthcare and law enforcement –important questions arise regarding fairness, accountability, and societal impact. Participants will examine issues such as algorithmic bias and discrimination, exploring how data and design choices can reproduce or amplify existing inequalities. The course also addresses the need for transparency and explainability in AI systems, particularly in high-stakes contexts where decisions significantly affect individuals’ lives. Privacy concerns are another key focus, especially in relation to large-scale data collection and surveillance capabilities enabled by AI technologies. Ethical frameworks and principles – such as human-centric AI, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for autonomy – will be introduced as tools to guide responsible innovation. Through the analysis of real-world case studies, participants will critically engage with these issues, developing the ability to assess both the benefits and risks of AI deployment in different contexts. These discussions will encourage participants to reflect on the responsibilities of developers, organizations, policymakers, and society as a whole in shaping the future of AI.

A central component of the module is the examination of Europe’s legal and regulatory approach to AI. The European Union has emerged as a global leader in the governance of digital technologies, seeking to balance innovation with the protection of fundamental rights and public interests. Participants will be introduced to the key principles underlying the EU’s approach, including its emphasis on human dignity, safety, transparency, and accountability. The course will explore the structure and objectives of the Artificial Intelligence Act, a landmark regulatory initiative that adopts a risk-based approach to AI governance. Participants will learn how AI systems are categorized according to their level of risk, ranging from minimal to unacceptable risk, and how different obligations apply depending on this classification.

Contents This module will cover the following points:

• Content 1: Historical Foundations
• Content 2: Ethical Challenges
• Content 3: European Legal Framework

By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

• Trace the historical evolution of AI technologies and understand key milestones in its development
• Identify, analyse, and evaluate core ethical issues associated with AI systems
• Understand and interpret the main components of the European AI legal framework, including the Artificial Intelligence Act
• Critically assess the interactions between technological innovation, ethical considerations, and regulatory approaches

This module is designed for participants from diverse academic and professional backgrounds, including technology, law, social sciences, public policy, and business. It is particularly suitable for those seeking a multidisciplinary understanding of AI and its implications within the European context. No advanced technical background is required, although an interest in technology and its societal impact will be beneficial.

The module is designed as an interactive lecture, encouraging active participation and engagement throughout.